RDPScan : A Quick Scanner For “BlueKeep” Vulnerability

RDPScan is a quick-and-dirty scanner for the CVE-2019-0708 vulnerability in Microsoft Remote Desktop. Right now, there are about 900,000 machines on the public Internet vulnerable to this vulnerability, so many are to expect a worm soon like WannaCry and notPetya.

Therefore, scan your networks and patch (or at least, enable NLA) on vulnerable systems. This is a command-line tool. You can download the source and compile it yourself, or you can download one of the pre-compiled binaries for Windows or macOS from the link above.

Primary Use

To scan a network, run it like the following:

rdpscan 192.168.1.1-192.168.1.255

This produces one of 3 results for each address:

• SAFE – if target has determined bot be patched or at least require CredSSP/NLA
• VULNERABLE – if the target has been confirmed to be vulnerable
• UNKNOWN – if the target doesn’t respond or has some protocol failure

When nothing exists at a target IP address, the older versions pritned the message “UNKNOWN – connection timed out“. When scanning large networks, this produces an overload of too much information about systems you don’t care about. Therefore, the new version by default doesn’t produce this information unless you add -v (for verbose) on the command-line.

You can increase the speed at which it scans large networks by increasing the number of workers:

rdpscan –workers 10000 10.0.0.0/8

However, on my computer, it only produces about 1500 workers, because of system limitations, no matter how high I configure this parameter.

You can increase the speed even more by using this in conjunction with masscan, described in the second below

Also Read – Semantic : Parsing, Analysing & Comparing Source Code Across Many Languages

Interpreting Results

There are three general responses:

• SAFE – which means the target is probably patched or otherwise not vulnerable to the bug.
• VULNERABLE: which means we’ve confirmed the target is vulnerable to this bug, and that when the worm hits, will likely get infected.
• UNKNOWN: means we can’t confirm either way, usually because the target doesn’t respond or isn’t running RDP, which is the vast majority of responses. Also, when targets are out of resources or experiencing network problems, we’ll get a lot of these. Finally, protocol errors are responsble for a lot. While the three main responses are SAFE, VULNERABLE, and UNKNOWN, they contain additional text explaining the diagnosis. This section describes the various strings you’ll see.

SAFE

There are three main reaons we think a target is safe:

• SAFE – Target appears patched This happens when the target doesn’t respond to the triggering request. This means it’s a Windows system that’s been patched, or a system that wasn’t vulnerable to begin with, like Windows 10 or Unix.
• SAFE – CredSSP/NLA required This means that the target first requires Network Level Authentication before the RDP connection can be established. The tool cannot pass this point, without leigitimate credentials, so cannot determine whether the target has been patched. However, hackers can’t continue past this point to exploit vulnerable systems, either, so you are likely “safe”. However, when exploits appear, insiders with valid usernames/passwords will be able to exploit the system if it’s un-patched.
• SAFE – not RDP This means the system is not RDP, but has some other service that happens to use this same port, and produces a response that’s clearly not RDP. Common examples are HTTP and SSH. Note however that instead of an identifiable protocol, a server may respond with a RST or FIN packet. These are identified as UNKNOWN instead of SAFE/

VULNERABLE

This means we’ve confirmed the system is vulnerable to the bug.

• VULNERABLE – got appid There is only one response when the system is vulnerable, this one.

UNKNOWN

There are a zillion variations for unknown

• UNKNOWN – no connection – timeout This is by far the most common response, and happens when the target IP address makes no response whatsoever. In fact, it’s so common that when scanning large ranges of addresses, it’s usually ommited. You have to add the -v (verbose) flag in order to enable it.
• UNKNOWN – no connection – refused (RST) This is by far the second most common response, and happens when the target exists and responds to network traffic, but isn’t running RDP, so refuses the connection with a TCP RST packet.
• UNKNOWN – RDP protocol error – receive timeout This is the third most common response, and happens when we’ve successfully established an RDP connection, but then the server stops responding to us. This is due to network errors and when the target system is overloaded for some reason. It could also be network errors on this end, such as when you are behind a NAT and overloading it with too many connections.
• UNKNOWN – no connection – connection closed This means we’ve established a connection (TCP SYN-ACK), but then the connection is immediately closed (with a RST or FIN). There are many reasons this happen, which we cannot distinguish:
  • It’s running RDP, but for some reason closes the connection, possibly because it’s out-of-resources.
  • It’s not RDP, and doesn’t like the RDP request we send it, so instad of sending us a nice error message (which would trigger SAFE – not RDP), it abruptly closes the connection.
  • Some intervening device, like an IPS, firewall, or NAT closed the connection because it identified this as hostile, or ran out of resources.
  • Some other reason I haven’t identified, there’s a lot of weird stuff happening when I scan the Internet.
• UNKNOWN – no connection – host unreachable (ICMP error) The remote network reports the host cannot be reached or is not running. Try again later if you think that host should be alive.
• UNKNOWN – no connection – network unreachable (ICMP error) There is a (transient) network error on the far end, try again later if you believe that network should be running.
• UNKNOWN – RDP protocol error This means some corruption happened in the RDP protocol, either because the remote side implents it wrong (not a Windows system), because it’s handling a transient network error badly, or something else.
• UNKNOWN – SSL protocol error Since Windows Vista, RDP uses the STARTTLS protocol to run over SSL. This layer has it’s own problems like above, which includes handling underlying network errors badly, or trying to communicate with systems that have some sort of incompatibility. If you get a very long error message here (like SSL3_GET_RECORD:wrong version), it’s because the other side has a bug in SSL, or your own SSL library that you are using has a bug.

Using With Masscan

This rdpscan tool is fairly slow, only scanning a few hundred targets per second. You can instead use masscan to speed things up. The masscan tool is roughly 1000 times faster, but only gives limited information on the target.

The steps are:

• First scan the address ranges with masscan to quickly find hosts that respond on port 3389 (or whatever port you use).
• Second feed the output of masscan into rdpscan, so it only has to scan targets we know are active.

The simple way to run this is just to combine them on the command-line:

masscan 10.0.0.0/8 -p3389 | rdpscan –file –

The way I do it is in two steps:

masscan 10.0.0.0/8 -p3389 > ips.txt
rdpscan –file ips.txt –workers 10000 >results.txt

Building

The difficult part is getting the OpenSSL libraries installed, and not conflicting with other versions on the system. Some examples for versions of Linux I’ve tested on are the following, but they keep changing package names from one distribution to the next. Also, there are many options for an OpenSSL-compatible API, such as BoringSSL and LibreSSL.

$ sudo apt install libssl-dev
$ sudo yum install openssl-devel

Once you’ve solved that problem, you just compile all the .c files together like this:

$ gcc *.c -lssl -lcrypto -o rdpscan

I’ve put a Makefile in the directory that does this, so you can likely do just:

$ make

The code is written in C, so needs a C compiler installed, such as doing the following:

$ sudo apt install build-essential

Common Build Errors

This section describes the more obvious build errors.

ssl.h:24:25: fatal error: openssl/rc4.h: No such file or directory

This means you either don’t have the OpensSSL headers installed, or they aren’t in a path somewhere. Remember that even if you have OpenSSL binaries installed, this doesn’t mean you’ve got the development stuff installed. You need both the headers and libraries installed.

To install these things on Debian, do:

$ sudo apt install libssl-dev

To fix the path issue, add a compilation flag -I/usr/local/include, or something similar.

An example linker problem is the following:

Undefined symbols for architecture x86_64:
“_OPENSSL_init_ssl”, referenced from:
_tcp_tls_connect in tcp-fac73c.o
“_RSA_get0_key”, referenced from:
_rdssl_rkey_get_exp_mod in ssl-d5fdf5.o
“_SSL_CTX_set_options”, referenced from:
_tcp_tls_connect in tcp-fac73c.o
“_X509_get_X509_PUBKEY”, referenced from:
_rdssl_cert_to_rkey in ssl-d5fdf5.o

I get this on macOS because there’s multiple versions of OpenSSL. I fix this by hard-coding the paths:

$ gcc *.c -lssl -lcrypto -I/usr/local/include -L/usr/local/lib -o rdpscan

According to comments by others, the following command-line might work on macOS if you’ve used Homebrew to install things. I still get the linking errors above, though, because I’ve installed other OpenSSL components that are conflicting.

gcc $(brew –prefix)/opt/openssl/lib/libssl.a $(brew –prefix)/opt/openssl/lib/libcrypto.a -o rdpscan *.c

Running

The section above gives quickstart tips for running the program. This section gives more in-depth help.

To scan a single target, just pass the address of the target:

./rdpscan 192.168.10.101

You can pass in IPv6 addresses and DNS names. You can pass in multiple targets. An example of this would be:

./rdpscan 192.168.10.101 exchange.example.com 2001:0db8:85a3::1

You can also scan ranges of addresses, using either begin-end IPv4 addresses, or IPv4 CIDR spec. IPv6 ranges aren’t supported because they are so big.

./rdpscan 10.0.0.1-10.0.0.25 192.168.0.0/16

By default, it scans only 100 targets at a time. You can increase this number with the --workers parameter. However, no matter how high you set this parameter, in practice you’ll get a max of around 500 to 1500 workers running at once, depending upon your system.

./rdpscan –workers 1000 10.0.0.0/24

Instead of specifying targets on the command-line, you can load them from a file instead, using the well-named --fileparameter:

./rdpscan –file ips.txt

The format of the file is one address, name, or range per line. It can also consume the text generated by masscan. Extra whitespace is trimmed, blank lines ignored, any any comment lines are ignored. A comment is a line starting with the #character, or // characters.

The output is sent to stdout giving the status of VULNERABLE, SAFE, or UNKNOWN. There could be additional reasons for each. These reasons are described above.

211.101.37.250 – SAFE – CredSSP/NLA required
185.11.124.79 – SAFE – not RDP – SSH response seen
125.121.137.42 – UNKNOWN – no connection – refused (RST)
40.117.191.215 – SAFE – CredSSP/NLA required
121.204.186.182 – SAFE – CredSSP/NLA required
99.8.11.148 – SAFE – CredSSP/NLA required
121.204.186.114 – SAFE – CredSSP/NLA required
49.50.145.236 – SAFE – CredSSP/NLA required
106.12.74.155 – VULNERABLE – got appid
222.84.253.26 – SAFE – CredSSP/NLA required
144.35.133.109 – UNKNOWN – RDP protocol error – receive timeout
199.212.226.196 – UNKNOWN – RDP protocol error – receive timeout
183.134.58.152 – UNKNOWN – no connection – refused (RST)
83.162.246.149 – VULNERABLE – got appid

You can process this with additional unix commands like grep and cut. To get a list of just vulnerable machines:

./rdpscan 10.0.0.0/8 | grep ‘VULN’ | cut -f1 -d’-‘

The parameter -dddd means diagnostic information, where the more ds you add, the more details are printed. This is sent to stderr instead of stdout so that you can separate the streams. Using bash this is done like this:

./rdpscan –file myips.txt -ddd 2> diag.txt 1> results.txt

Diagnostic Info

Adding the -d parameter dumps diagnostic info on the connections to stderr.

./rdpscan 62.15.34.157 -d

[+] [62.15.34.157]:3389 – connecting…
[+] [62.15.34.157]:3389 – SSL connection
[+] [62.15.34.157]:3389 – version = v4.8
[+] [62.15.34.157]:3389 – Sending MS_T120 check packet
[-] [62.15.34.157]:3389 – Max sends reached, waiting…
62.15.34.157 – SAFE – Target appears patched

On macOS/Linux, you can redirect stdout and stderr separately to different files in the usual manner:

./rdpscan –file ips.txt 2> diag.txt 1> results.txt

SOCKS5 and Tor lulz

So it includes SOCKS5 support:

./rdpscan –file ips.txt –socks5 localhost –socks5port 9050

It makes connection problems worse so you get a lot more “UNKNOWN” results.

Statically link OpenSSL

For releasing the Windows and macOS binaries attached as releases to this project I statically link OpenSSL, so that it doesn’t need to be included separately, and the programs just work. This section describes some notes on how to do this, especially since the description on OpenSSL’s own page seems to be out of date.

Both these steps start with downloading the OpenSSL source and putting it next to the rdpscan directory:

git clone https://github.com/openssl/openssl

Windows

For Windows, you need to first install some version of Perl. I use the one from ActiveState.

Next, you’ll need a special “assembler”. I use the recommended one called NASM)

Next, you’ll need a compiler. I use VisualStudio 2010. You can download the latest “Visual Studio Community Edition” (which is 2019) instead from Microsoft.

Now you need to build the makefile. This is done by going into the OpenSSL directory and running the Configure Perl program:

perl Configure VC-WIN32

I chose 32-bit for Windows because there’s a lot of old Windows out there, and I want to make the program as compaitble as possible with old versions.

I want a completely static build, including the C runtime. To do that, I opened the resulting makefile in an editor, and changed the C compilation flag from /MD (meaning use DLLs) to /MT. While I was there, I added the following to the CPPFLAGS -D_WIN32_WINNT=0x501, which restrict OpenSSL to features that work back on Windows XP and Server 2003. Otherwise, you get errors that bcrypt.dll was not found if your run on those older systems.

Now you’ll need to make sure everything is in your path. I copied nasm.exe to the a directory in the PATH. For Visual Studio 2010, I ran the program vcvars32.bat to setup the path variables for the compiler.

At this point on the command-line, I typed:

nmake

This makes the libraries. The static ones are libssl_static.lib and libcrypto_static.lib, which I use to link to in rdpscan.

macOS

First of all, you need to install a compiler. I use the Developer Tools from Apple, installing XCode and the compiler. I think you can use Homebrew to install gcc instead.

Then go int othe source directory for OpenSSL and create a makefile:

perl Configure darwin64-x86_64-cc

Now simply make it:

make depend
make

At this point, it’s created both dynamic (.dylib) and static (.lib) libraries. I deleted the dynamic libraries so that it’ll catch the static ones by default.

Now in rdpscan, just build the macOS makefile:

make -f Makefile.macos

This will compile all the rdpscan source files, then link to the OpenSSL libraries in the directory ../openssl that you just built.

This should produce a 3-megabyte exexeutable. If you instead only got a 200-kilobyte executable, then you made a mistake and linked to the dynamic libraries instead.