Bash For Loop Examples Explained Simply for Beginners
If you are new to Bash scripting or Linux shell scripting, one of the most useful concepts you need to learn is the Bash for loop. A for loop allows you to run a command multiple times without writing it repeatedly. This makes tasks like file processing, renaming, or printing numbers much easier and faster. In this guide, we will...
How Does a Firewall Work Step by Step
How Does a Firewall Work Step by Step? What Is a Firewall and How Does It Function? Introduction Every second, millions of data packets travel across the internet. These packets carry everything from emails and website data to confidential business transactions. Unfortunately, not all of this traffic is safe. Hackers, malware, and other cyber threats constantly attempt to infiltrate networks and...
ROADTools: The Modern Azure AD Exploration Framework
ROADTools is a powerful framework designed for exploring and interacting with Microsoft Azure Active Directory (Azure AD). It is widely used by both Red Team and Blue Team security professionals to assess, analyze, and secure Azure AD environments. ROADTools consists of two main components: ROADlib and ROADrecon. ROADlib: The Core Library for Azure AD Integration ROADlib is the foundational library of...
How to Enumerate Microsoft 365 Groups Using PowerShell and Python
Microsoft 365 Groups (also known as M365 Groups or Unified Groups) are at the heart of collaboration in Microsoft 365. They power Teams, Outlook Groups, SharePoint sites, Planner, and Yammer. For IT admins and security researchers, it’s critical to be able to enumerate groups, review their metadata, and audit access. In this updated 2025 guide, we’ll show you how to: List...
SeamlessPass: Using Kerberos Tickets to Access Microsoft 365
SeamlessPass is a specialized tool designed to leverage on-premises Active Directory Kerberos tickets to obtain access tokens for Microsoft 365 services. This approach is primarily relevant for hybrid environments where organizations use both on-premises Active Directory and cloud-based Microsoft 365 (Azure AD) accounts. It is often used alongside ROADTools, a set of tools for exploring and testing Microsoft 365 access,...
PPLBlade: Advanced Memory Dumping and Obfuscation Tool
PPLBlade is a powerful Protected Process Dumper designed to capture memory from target processes, hide the data using obfuscation, and transfer it to remote workstations without leaving files on disk. It is widely used for advanced security testing and memory analysis. Key Features of PPLBlade Bypass PPL protection – Works on protected processes that standard tools cannot access. Obfuscate memory dumps –...
HikPwn : Simple Scanner For Hikvision Devices With Basic Vulnerability Scanning
HikPwn: Comprehensive Guide to Scanning Hikvision Devices for Vulnerabilities If you’re searching for an efficient way to discover and test Hikvision network devices for vulnerabilities, HikPwn is a standout tool for both security researchers and network administrators. This guide provides a detailed walkthrough of HikPwn > its core features, installation, setup, and utilization. What is HikPwn? HikPwn is a Python-based scanner specifically designed for Hikvision...
Comments in Bash Scripts
What Are Bash Comments? Comments in Bash scripts, are notes in your code that the computer skips. They help you and others understand what your script does without affecting how it works. In Bash, comments begin with the # sign and run until the end of the line. Example: # This line is a comment and won't be run by Bash echo "Hello,...
Shebang (#!) in Bash Script
When you write a Bash script in Linux, you want it to run correctly every time, no matter who uses it or where it is run. That’s where a shebang comes in. A shebang is the first line in a Bash script that tells the system which program (interpreter) to use to run your commands. Using it ensures your script...
Bash String Concatenation – Bash Scripting
Introduction If you’re new to Bash scripting, one of the first skills you’ll need is string concatenation joining two or more strings together. Don’t worry if you’re completely new to Bash! If you haven’t started with Bash scripts yet, check out our beginner-friendly guide on how to create and run shell scripts in Bash. In this guide, you’ll learn six simple...
